Hindu

Christian

Islam

2.1.1           World view

In Purusha Suka of of Rig Veda 10:90; Shulka Yajur Veda 31:1-16, Atharva Veda;

After the creation of entire Universe, the God stimulates the intellect of humans to request all things to be made available to them to lead their life successfully.

“Fulfill us the knowledge that we want,

Fulfill us the pleasures of this world,

Fulfill us everything of this and other worlds.

Give us all that we need. Om, let there be peace, peace, peace.”

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In Bhagwad Geeta Chapter 11 (Vishwaroopa Darshana Yoga)- Describes the Universal form of God which encompasses entire universe and time.

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ईशा वास्यम् इदं सर्वं यत् किञ्च जगत्यां जगत् ।
तेन त्यक्तेन भुञ्जीथा मा गृधः कस्य स्विद्धनम् ॥ १ ॥ [- From

Ishavasya Upanishad- Yajur Veda ]

īśā vāsyam idaṃ sarvaṃ yat kiñca jagatyāṃ jagat |
tena tyaktena bhuñjīthā mā gṛdhaḥ kasya sviddhanam || 1 ||

God is dwelling, covering in the entire world. One should take the only necessary portion of things given by the world/nature and should not grab/steal the wealth belonging to others or nature  (Eg. take the milk from the cow only after its calf drinks the milk, without harming the cow) 

“And God blessed them. And God said to them (Male & Female), “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it, and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the heavens and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” - Genesis(Bible) 1:28

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“You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor's.” - Genesis(Bible) 20:17

“Truly We have made all that is on the earth, in the way of animals, plants, trees, rivers and so on, as an adornment for it, that We may try them, that We may test mankind observing thereby, which of them is best in conduct, therein, that is, [to see which of them] is the most abstemious of it.”-  Quran https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/18.7

“ I(Allah) created the jinn (genie) and humans for nothing else but that they may serve Me;” - https://myislam.org/surah-dhariyat/ayat-56/

“ Who has created death and life, that He(Allah) may test you which of you is best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Oft-Forgiving”; -  https://myislam.org/surah-al-mulk/ayat-2/

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“ And eat not up your property among yourselves in vanity, through oppression, theft, usurpation, perjury, and other forbidden means, (nor seek by it to gain the hearing of the judges that you may knowingly devour a portion of the property of others wrongfully) through perjury”;. - https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.188

2.1.2           Creation of Earth / Genesis

There Two views on creation from Hindu scriptures

1.     (Based on Matsya Purana Shlokas in; Rig Veda Hiranya Garbha Suka Shrimad Bhagavatam – Some what similar to concept of Biblical Genesis but taking much larger time period than 6 days … Based Hindu units (Surya Siddhanta and other references..) Current Cycle of this earth creation started 4.32 million years ego!

Reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time

Simple overview of this Genesis is:

After Mahāprālaya, the great dissolution of the Universe (similar to big-bang theory) ,there was darkness everywhere. Everything was in a state of sleep. There was nothing.  Then Swayambhu, self-manifested being (rereferred to as Visnu/Narayana/Ishwara/Durga/Shakti) considered as the God of gods created a seed for  the universe called Hiranyagarbha (roughly translated as Golden Womb) also referred to as ‘Prjapati – Brahman’ in the Vedic Suktas.

 is created by the

Into that golden womb “Swyambu” enters to start the creation process.

From Bhagawat Puraan/ Brahmaand Puraan,  Brahma originates from the Golden Egg sitting a lotus from the naval of Vishnu naval. Brahma creates all living beings, as well as the sun, moon, planets, etc. and a number of other gods and demigods in Ten phases.

-       References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbha

-       https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbha

-       https://vicd108.wordpress.com/2015/01/06/the-evolution-creation-of-the-universe-detailed-overview/

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Concept of “DashaAvataar” from Garud Purana and many other Purans mentions evolution in the type of manifestations God as  “Matsya (Aquarius/Fish) ,

 Kurma ( Amphibious/Turtle),

Varaha ( 4 legged animal / wild boar) ,

Narasimha ( half animal half human), Vamana,  (Dwarf human with good intellignene),

 Parashurama (Wild, hunting, nomadic, powerfull human) ,

Rama (Evolved, gentle, moral, pious and powerful human),

Krishna (Advanced, intelligent, moral, adaptable and powerful human),  Buddha (Moral, peace loving, knowledgeable and docile human) ,

Kalki.(Advanced, moral, powerful, warrior human), ”

-       References: Srimad Bhagawatam and other Hindu Puranas

2.     (Theory of evolution of universe based on Sankhya Hindu Philosophy. It does not accept the theory of God created the universe)

Prakriti, (Sanskrit: “nature,” “source”) in the Samkhya system (darshan) of Indian philosophy, material nature in its germinal state, eternal and beyond perception. When prakriti (female) comes into contact with the spirit, purusha (male), it starts on a process of evolution that leads through several stages to the creation of the existing material world. Prakriti is made up of three gunas (“qualities” of matter), which are the constituent cosmic factors that characterize all nature. In the Samkhya view, only prakriti is active, while the spirit is confined within it and only observes and experiences.

-     Reference: https://www.britannica.com/topic/prakriti

Question: At which points of Hindu view of Genesis, do you see similarity with evolution theory proposed by Darwin?

3.  Open to more research…

“Who really knows, and who can swear, How creation came, when or where!

Even gods came after creation's day,

Who really knows and who can truly say,

When and how did creation start?

Did He do it? Or did He not?

Only He, up there, knows, maybe;

Or perhaps, not even He.” – Rigveda 10:129  Nasadiya Sukta

God created every thing, heaven earth, light, time, animals. planation man, women …all in Six days [ Reference Bible Genesis verses 1-1 to 1:31

“Your Lord is Allah; He who created the heavens and the earth in six days, then established Himself on the Throne. The night overtakes the day, as it pursues it persistently; and the sun, and the moon, and the stars are subservient by His command. His is the creation, and His is the command. Blessed is Allah, Lord of all beings.”

-       Quran 7-54

2.1.3           Holy books/ scripture, Prophet(s)

Starting from Vedic time to current time numerous Scriptural knowledge (Shruti, Smrutis, books (Dharma Grantha) has been created and still evolving.

Along with Four canonical division of Vedas ( Rigveda; Yajurveda; Samaveda;Atharvaveda;)

Vedas have these embedded Vedic texts/subdivisions

-    Samhitas, Brahmanas (abstract hymns on cosmology, history of Vedic people and Gods)

-    , Upanishads, Vedanta (Question answers, Philosophical proponents, 

-    Aranyakas (rituals)

-    Vedanga (Math, science, Grammer, arts etc)

-      Parisista (supplement, appendix)

-    Upaveda (Architecture, Medicine, Music, Medicine, warfare)

-    18 Puranas

-    Historical Epics Ramayan, Mahabharat with illustration Dharma in all parts of life.

-    Variationsa, augmentations on Ramayan aand Mahabharat continued  in local languages, by local writers

On Prophets/founders:

There are many Rishis, Muni as Drishtara(Prophets), Sants, Mahant, Sadhu, Sanyasis Yogis, starting from Vedic times to current time; Also in Hindus believe the God takes many incarnations to come to earth and save Dharma and good people. 

One book – The Bible

One Prophet (the last prophet) – Jesus

One book – The Quran

One Prophet (the last prophet) – Muhammad

           Freedom on thinking/ evolving new thought schools (philosophies)

Since the time immemorial Vedas(knowledge) creation and recording started,  thousands of additions/ revisions/ modifications/ evolutions has happened and happening…

Vedas have these embedded Vedic texts/subdivisions

-    Samhitas, Brahmanas (abstract hymns on cosmology, history of Vedic people and Gods)

-    , Upanishads, Vedanta (Question answers, Philosophical proponents, 

-    Aranyakas (rituals)

-    Vedanga (Math, science, Grammer, arts etc)

-      Parisista (supplement, appendix)

-    Upaveda (Architecture, Medicine, Music, Medicine, warfare)

-    18 Puranas

-    Historical Epics Ramayan, Mahabharat with illustration Dharma in all parts of life.

-    Variationsa, augmentations on Ramayan aand Mahabharat continued  in local languages, by local writers

Nothing more is to be added and nothing is to be taken away.

“Ye shall not add unto the word which I command you, neither shall ye diminish ought from it, that ye may keep the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you.”. Bible Deut 4:2

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“What thing soever I command you, observe to do it: thou shalt not add thereto, nor diminish from it.” (Bible Deut. 12:32.)

Nothing in the Quran can be changed or modified/evolved.

“The Word of your Lord is perfect in truthfulness and justice; no one can change His words. He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing..” Quran 6-115

The Quran

Commentaries for Verse 3.151

“We will cast terror into the hearts of those who have denied the Truth since they have associated others with Allah in His divinity - something for which He has sent down no sanction. The Fire is their abode; how bad the resting place of the wrong-doers will be!”  -  Surah Ali 'Imran 3:151 -  https://quranx.com/tafsirs/3.151

2.1.5           Nature of God/ Attributes of God

Nature/Concept of God is Absolute Reality (Brahman);

It can be:  

‘Saguna Brahman’ (with qualities, forms, feature and emotions). In this form God is considered as embodiment of compassion to all living beings (not just for Hindus), Keeps taking Avatars to protect the good people and destroy bad people.

परित्राणाय साधूनां विनाशाय च दुष्कृताम् |
धर्मसंस्थापनार्थाय सम्भवामि युगे युगे || BG 4-8||

paritrāṇāya sādhūnāṁ vināśhāya cha duṣhkṛitām
dharma-sansthāpanārthāya sambhavāmi yuge yuge

“ For the protection of the righteous/good people, for the destruction annihilate/ of the wicked/evil people, and for establishing Dharma, I appear/take birth on this earth, epoch/era after epoch/era.” – Sri Krishna in BG

Ot it can be ‘Nirguna Brahman’ (abstract, without features, material qualities, emotions ) Cosmic entity/energy affecting the all creation.. no interaction with individuals.

sarvaṃ khalvidaṃ brahma tajjalāniti śānta upāsīta | atha khalu kratumayaḥ puruṣo yathākraturasmim̐lloke puruṣo bhavati tathetaḥ pretya bhavati sa kratuṃ kurvīta || Chandogya Upanishad 3.14.1 ||

“ All this is Brahman . ( This ) is born from , dissolves in , and exists in That . Therefore , one should meditate by becoming calm . Because a person is identified with ( one's ) conviction , ( therefore ) just as the conviction a person has in this world , so does one become after departing from here . Therefore one should shape one's conviction”

-       Many verses in Vedas and Bhagavad Geeta elaborates on these qualities of both “Nirguna’ and ‘Saguna’

“God presented Christ as a sacrifice of atonement, through the shedding of his blood—to be received by faith. He did this to demonstrate his righteousness, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished—he did it to demonstrate his righteousness at the present time, so as to be just and the one who justifies those who have faith in Jesus” – Bible Romans 3:25–26

“The LORD is good, a stronghold in the day of trouble;. he knows those who take refuge in him”  - Bible Nahum 1:7

“Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love.” – Bible John 4:8

“For no word from God will ever fail." – Bible Luke 1:37

“The Lord is good to all; he has compassion on all he has made.” – Bible Psalm 145:9

“'When the LORD your God brings you into the land which you go to possess, and has cast out many nations before you, the Hittites and the Girgashites and the Amorites and the Canaanites and the Perizzites and the Hivites and the Jebusites, seven nations greater and mightier than you, and when the LORD your God delivers them over to you, you shall conquer them and utterly destroy them. You shall make no covenant with them nor show mercy to them. Nor shall you make marriages with them. You shall not give your daughter to their son, nor take their daughter for your son. For they will turn your sons away from following Me, to serve other gods; so the anger of the LORD will be aroused against you and destroy you suddenly. But thus you shall deal with them: you shall destroy their altars, and break down their sacred pillars, and cut down their wooden images, and burn their carved images with fire. "For you are a holy people to the LORD your God; the LORD your God has chosen you to be a people for Himself, a special treasure above all the peoples on the face of the earth.” Bible Deuteronomy 7:1-6

“For thou shalt worship no other god: for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:” - Bible Exodus 34:14

“In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the Worlds.

Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the Worlds.

Owner of the Day of Judgement.

Thee alone we worship, and Thee alone we ask for help..

Guide us on the straight path,

the path of those whom You blessed; not of those who have deserved wrath, nor of the strayers.
(Those who have earned the anger are the Jews and those who are led astray are the Christians.)''

 ”  - Quran 1:1-7 https://quranx.com/ [https://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/noframes/ch1.html#1

“So know that there is no god but Allah, and, ask protection for your fault and for the believing men and the believing women; and Allah knows the place of your returning and the place of your abiding.” – Quran 47:19

“Allah states that He has perfect knowledge in the heavens and earth and that nothing in them is hidden from His watch.” - https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/3.5

“Do the disbelievers not understand that God, who created the heavens and earth and did not tire in doing so, has the power to bring the dead back to life? Yes indeed! He has power over everything.” – Quran 46:3https://myislam.org/surah-ahqaf/ayat-33/3

“,Allâh damned the blasphemers and prepared Hellfire for them, in which they will reside forever, without any supporter or savior.” -Quran 33:64-65  https://www.islam.ms/en/paradise-hellfire

“Evil is that for which they have sold their souls, that they should deny what Allah has revealed, out of envy that Allah should send down of His grace on whomsoever of His servants He pleases; so they have made themselves deserving of wrath upon wrath, and there is a disgraceful punishment for the unbelievers.” – Quran 2:90 https://www.al-islam.org/alphabetical-index-holy-quran/disbelievers

2.1.6           Forms of God

In Hindu beliefs you can worship God in any form you want as “Ishta Devata” (personal deity with whom a devotee feels the greatest affinity). Polytheism in forms of God is accepted. Forms of God varies from

- Vedic Nature God forms;

- Puranic God forms (Vishnu/Lakshmi; Shiva/Parvati and thousands of its derivatives);

- Nature things like tree, Animals like cow, snake, birds; 

- Persons in the past or present like Guru, ancestors;

-  Also you are allowed to worship to God in form less (Nirguna Brahma)

- Various religious symbols like OUM, Swatika, Chakra etc

And believe all forms of gods/and universe is a manifestation “Brahman”.   Monotheism is recognizing the ultimate reality.  

“ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं पूर्णात् पूर्णमुदच्यते।

पूर्णस्य पूर्णमादाय पूर्णमेवावशिष्यते॥

Auṃ – That supreme Brahman is infinite, and this conditioned Brahman is infinite. The infinite proceeds from infinite. If you subtract the infinite from the infinite, the infinite remains alone.” – IshaVasya /Isha Upnanishad - https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/iisha.pdf

Christians are monotheistic, i.e., they believe there’s only one God, and he created the heavens and the earth. This divine Godhead consists of three parts: the father (God himself), the son (Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit. - https://www.history.com/topics/religion/history-of-christianity

“The cross is the most widely-recognized Christian symbol in the world, adorning millions of churches and chapels.”.  -https://www.orbcfamily.org/blog/faith/what-does-cross-represent-christian-faith/

Monotheism, belief in one God, is the most important and foundational concept in Islam. - https://www.whyislam.org/conceptofgod/

““So know that there is no god but Allah, …” Quran 1:1

“Say  (O Muhammad) He is God the One God,  the   Everlasting  Refuge, who has not begotten,  nor   has  been  begotten, and equal to  Him  is  not   anyone… “ – Quran 113:1-4

“Mankind may believe in Allah and His messenger, Muhammad (and may honour Him) defend him with the sword against his enemies, (and may revere Him, and may glorify Him) and pray to Allah (at early dawn and at the close of day) in the morning and evening.” - https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/48.9

Islam rejects characterizing God in idol,  human or symbol;

In their holiest place Mecca, they pray facing the back cube stone called Kaba. 

2.1.7           Types of Worship

Many ways to worship God:

- Multiple ways. A good illustration can be found in Srimad Bhagavad Geeta; Geeta gives 18 Yogas/Worship paths to attain the divinity, the main/popular ones are like

-  Sankya Yog (Understanding the universe/cosmology, Yoga of self-realization),

- Karma Yog (Devoted work is worship, excelling in work); and ,

- Gyan-Vigyan Yog, (Yoga of knowledge and science (‘gyan vigyan sahitam’ ) 

- Dhyan Yog (Meditation),

- Raj-Yog (Kingly/statesmanship Yog, includes atheists and theists ways of worship),

- Bhakti Yog(With Devotion and display of devotion in music, dance, art, food (Prasaad)

-  Daivasura Vibhag Yog (Yog of understanding division between the Divine and the Demonic)

-  Moksha Sanyasa Yog (The Yoga of Liberation and Renunciation.)

etc.

Based on the biblical references. multiple types of worship is allowed in Christianity

Personal and Private Worship

Public Worship

Ritual Based Worship

Non-liturgical Worship

-       https://justdisciple.com/types-of-worship-in-christianity/

-       https://www.bibleconnection.com/4-scriptural-types-of-worship/

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Murthy/Idol worship is not allowed..

“You must not make any idols. Don’t make any statues or pictures of anything up in the sky or of anything on the earth or of anything down in the water. Don’t worship or serve idols of any kind, because I, the LORD, am your God…”

https://www.bible.com/bible/406/EXO.20.4-5.ERV

The four basic acts of worship recommended in Islam are

1. Salaah (The Daily Prayers) · 2. Sawm (Fasting) · 3. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) · 4. Zakaat (The Wealth Tax usually 2.5%, ).

-  https://www.al-islam.org/introduction-islam-maqbul-hussein-rahim/acts-worship

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Murthy/Idol worship is not allowed..

[Quran 4:48] God does not forgive idolatry,* but He forgives lesser offenses for whomever He wills. Anyone who sets up idols beside God, has forged a horrendous offense.

[Quran 4:116] God does not forgive idol worship (if maintained until death),* and He forgives lesser offenses for whomever He wills. Anyone who idolizes any idol beside God has strayed far astray.

[Quran 39:65] It has been revealed to you, and to those before you that if you ever commit idol worship, all your works will be nullified, and you will be with the losers.

[Quran 3:151] We will throw terror into the hearts of those who disbelieved, since they set up besides God powerless idols. Their destiny is Hell; what a miserable abode for the transgressors!

]

https://submission.org/friday_definitions_idol_worshipers.html

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Music - According to the Haadith (Traditions)

Some more traditions prohibiting music are given below.

Imam Ja'far ibn Muhammad as-Sadiq reports from the Holy Prophet Muhammad that he said: "I prohibit for you dancing and playing flute and drums." (Al-Kafi)

The Holy Prophet also said: "The Almighty Allah has sent me as a mercy to the worlds and to guide the people. He ordered me to eradicate the playing of flute, other instruments of music, all games of vice, idol (worship) and all practices of the days of ignorance." (Mustadrakul Wasa'il, Chapter 79) https://www.al-islam.org/articles/status-music-islam-saleem-bhimji

Tolerance / Acceptance towards other religions

“Ekam sat viprah bahuda vadanti. ..”

-       Rig Veda (1.164.46)

“Truth is one, scholars say it in different ways.”

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सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः।

सर्वे भद्राणि पश्यन्तु मा कश्चिद्दुःखभाग् भवेत्।।

ॐ शान्तिः शान्तिः शान्तिः॥ - Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.14

sarve bhavantu sukhinaḥ sarve santu nirāmayāḥ।

sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu mā kaścidduḥkhabhāg bhavet।।

oṃ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ॥

“May everybody be happy, May Everybody be free from disease,

May everybody have good luck, May none fall on evil days.”

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अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम्।

उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्॥ - Maha Upanishad 6.71–75

“This is mine, that is his, say the small minded,

The wise believe that the entire world is a family.”

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Inference is:

Teachings in Hindu Dharma shows acceptance for other views; and respect for All. It does Not say All religions are the same!

“… I hate my people worshiping other gods. People who sin against me become my enemies, and I will punish them. And I will punish their children, their grandchildren, and even their great-grandchildren.”

– Bible  https://www.bible.com/bible/406/EXO.20.4-5.ERV

" Be very careful never to make a treaty with the people who live in the land where you are going. If you do, you will follow their evil ways and be trapped.   Instead, you must break down their pagan altars, smash their sacred pillars, and cut down their Asherah poles.  You must worship no other gods, for the Lord , whose very name is Jealous, is a God who is jealous about his relationship with you.. " (Exodus 34:12-14,

https://www.bible.com/search/bible?

query=Exodus%2034%3A12-14)

.

“ And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the non-believers/idolators/

polytheists/pagans wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they should repent, establish prayer, and give Zakah, let them [go] on their way. Indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.” -  The Quran

Commentaries for Verse 9.5

“ As for the disbelievers who deny Our signs, Our Books, those shall be the inhabitants of the Fire, abiding therein’, enduring perpetually, neither perishing nor exiting therefrom.” -  https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.39

47:4) When you meet the unbelievers (in battle), smite their necks until you have crushed them, then bind your captives firmly; thereafter (you are entitled to) set them free, either by an act of grace, or against ransom, until the war ends.

2.1.8           Hierarchy between men and women.

(Patriarchy/  Matriarchy/ Gender Equality)

यत्र नार्यस्तु पूज्यन्ते रमन्ते तत्र देवताः ।

यत्रैतास्तु न पूज्यन्ते सर्वास्तत्राफलाः क्रियाः ||

-       Dharma Shastra 3-56

yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH |

yatraitAstu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyAH ||

Devatas (gods) reside where women are respected and pleased. Where women are not respected, all efforts remain unfruitful.

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prabhu bhala kinha mohi sikha dinhi, marajada puni tumhari kinhi.

dhola gavara sudra pasu nari, sakala tarana ke adhikari.3.

TR.5 Sundar kaand.Ch 59.3

Meaning: My Lord has done well in giving me a lesson; but You have fixed certain limits for everyone. A drum, a rustic, a sudra, a beast and a woman-all these deserve instructions.

-  Samudra Raaj is saying his openion  to Raam ji while begging  Raam ji  to forgive his faults,

Since Raam ji lifted his weapon to burn down the Samudra Raaj for his non-cooperation to help in finding Seeta Mata;

Hence this statement cannot interpreted as  Sri Raam or Valmiki or Tulsidaas’s openion/prescription

-   Ramcharit Maans by Tulsi daas is done in Awadhi/not in Hindi..

-   In Awadi “Taadiyo’ is used to say “Take care”, “observe and guide/instruct” etc.

So “ Taadana Ke Adhikari” means deserving “observe and guide/instruct”

-   The total number of lines in Ram Charit Manas is 12,625. There are 233 lines that contain the word  ‘Naari”,  Nowhere in Ramcharitmanas, a female is described unworthy of worship.

[ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345210932_Dhol_Ganwar_Shudra_Pashu_Nari_dhola_gam_vara_cha_u_dra_pasa_u_A_Chaupayee_in_Ramcharitmanas_by_Goswami_Tulsidas ]

“Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness. I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet. For Adam was formed first, then Eve; and Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and became a transgressor. Yet she will be saved through childbearing—if they continue in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.” – Bible 1 Timothy 2:11-15  

“To the woman he said, “I will surely multiply your pain in childbearing; in pain you shall bring forth children. Your desire shall be contrary to your husband, but he shall rule over you.” – Bible Genesis 3:16

“Wives, submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit in everything to their husbands.” – Bible Ephesians 5:22-24

“But every wife who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head, since it is the same as if her head were shaven.” – Bible 1 Corinthians 11:5

"Al-rijal qawwamun ‘ala al-nisa’ bi ma faddala Allahu ba‘duhum ‘ala ba‘din wa bi ma anfaqu min amwalihim. Fa al-salihat qanitat, hafizat li’l-ghayb bi ma hafiza Allah. Wa allati tukhafuna nushuzahunna, fa ‘izuhunna wa ahjuruhunna fi’l-madaji‘ wa adribuhunna, fa in ata‘nakum, fa la tabghu ‘alayhinna sabilan. Inna Allah kana ‘Aliyyan, Kabir." -  Qur’an 4-34

SHAKIR: Men are the maintainers of women because Allah has made some of them to excel others and because they spend out of their property; the good women are therefore obedient, guarding the unseen as Allah has guarded; and (as to) those on whose part you fear desertion, admonish them, and leave them alone in the sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them; surely Allah is High, Great. – Quran 4-34

(Translation from  The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project- Brandeis University, MA)

“(And if there are not two men (available), then a man and two women) this requirement is only for contracts that directly or indirectly involve money. Allah requires that two women take the place of one man as witness, because of the woman's shortcomings, as the Prophet described. Muslim recorded in his Sahih that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah said”  -https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/2.282

“(And tell the believing women) O Muhammad (to lower their gaze) from men, that which is unlawful as far as men are concerned (and be modest) and be chaste, (and to display of their adornment) their bracelets and ornamented belts (only that which is apparent) of their clothes, (and to draw their veils over their bosoms) and they should tie that; and then Allah mentioned the …(save to their own husbands or fathers)…  Nor should they stamp their feet on the ground in such manner that their hidden ornament becomes revealed” – Quran 24:31 https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/24.31

This verse of the Qur’an (4:24), along with others (23:1-6; 33:50; 70:22-30), granted Muslims the right to have sex with their female captives and slave girls, even those who were still married or who were going to be sold or traded.

-       https://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/historical-muhammad-the-good-bad-downright-ugly/

2.1.9           Nature of God

Loving God to ALL.

MERCY to All living beings BY VEDIC GOD – a generic observation.

“Providence showers mercy

On the most heinous sinners even

May we be sinless

Before Merciful God !

And endeavour to rise high

By following the universal laws

Of the Eternal Almighty.” - Rig Veda 7/87/7

-       http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/hvhb/ch5.htm

See “ Nature of God/ Attributes of God” above.

Loving God to all his believers, but dreaded God to non-believers/followers of other religion.

MASSACRE to non-believers in him BY BIBLICAL GOD – a generic observation.

The Massacre of the non-Christian people’s babies in Egypt. 

“ And it came to pass, that at midnight the Lord smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh that sat on his throne unto the firstborn of the captive that was in the dungeon; and all the firstborn of cattle.” – Bible  Exodus 12:29

The Massacre of the Jews and Pagans in Israel

“ And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them (the Jews) up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods.” – Bible  Numbers, 16:32

See “ Nature of God/ Attributes of God” above.

Loving God to all his believers, but dreaded God to non-believers/ followers of other religion.

MASSACRE to non-believers in him BY Quranic GOD – a generic observation.

The Massacre of the Jews at Banu Qurayzah

“Then the Messenger of Allah commanded that ditches should be dug, so they were dug in the earth, and they were brought tied by their shoulders, and were beheaded. There were between seven hundred and eight hundred of them. The children who had not yet reached adolescence and the women were taken prisoner, and their wealth was seized. All of this is stated both briefly and in detail, with evidence and Hadiths, in the book of Sirah which we have written, praise and blessings be to Allah. Allah said:”  - Quran 33:25-27 https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/33.26

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Legalizing of plundering and war booties by sharing it Allah and his messenger:

“And know that whatever of war-booty that you may gain, verily, one-fifth (1/5th) of it is assigned to Allaah, and to the Messenger, and to the near relatives [of the Messenger (Muhammad)], (and also) the orphans, Al‑Masaakin (the poor) and the wayfarer”

“So enjoy what you have gotten of booty in war, lawful and good” - Quran al-Anfaal 8:43 , 8:69

See “ Nature of God/ Attributes of God” above.

2.1.10       Life/Birth of Human beings

Live is Devine. Human progeny is referred to as  ‘children of immortal bliss’

“ शृण्वन्तु बिश्वे अमृतस्य पुत्राआ ये धामानि दिब्यानि तस्थुः

Shrinwantu Vishwe Amritasya PutraAa Ye Dhamani Di byani Tasthu

Hear ye children of immortality or immortal bliss” - ShvetashvAtara Upanishad2:5

“Children of immortal bliss” — what a sweet, what a hopeful name! Allow me to call you, brethren, by that sweet name — heirs of immortal bliss — yea, the Hindu refuses to call you sinners. Ye are the Children of God, the sharers of immortal bliss, holy and perfect beings. Ye divinities on earth — sinners! It is a sin to call a man so; it is a standing libel on human nature. Come up, O lions, and shake off the delusion that you are sheep; you are souls immortal, spirits free, blest and eternal; ye are not matter, ye are not bodies; matter is your servant, not you the servant of matter.”  - Swami Vivekananda’s speech in Chicago, USA

The Christian doctrine holds that humans, through the fact of birth, inherit a tainted nature in need of procreation, and tendency towards sinful conduct referred to as (‘Original Sin’)

Related Bible verses are

“I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me" -Psalm 51:5

“Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned" -Romans 5:12-21

Quran share same/similar story of Adam and Eve(Hawwa). But Allah was  willing to forgive them,   Therefore Adam's sin is not carried by all of his children.

According to Islamic belief, Adam was created from the material of the earth and brought to life by God. God placed Adam and Hawwa in a paradisical Garden. After Adams disobedience by eating from the forbidden tree (Tree of Immortality), paradise was declined to him.

Whereupon God sends Adam and his wife to earth, there they are condemned to "live create children and die", but is willing to forgive them.

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Related Quran Verses are:

“ ye who believe! follow not Satan's footsteps: if any will follow the footsteps of Satan, he will (but) command what is shameful and wrong: and were it not for the grace and mercy of Allah on you, not one of you would ever have been pure: but Allah doth purify whom He pleases: and Allah is One Who hears and knows (all things).” - Quran 24:41 https://www.answering-islam.org/Responses/Osama/zawadi_original_sin.htm

“… (And when they tasted of the tree their shame) their nakedness (was manifest to them and they began) out of shame (to hide (by heaping) on themselves some of the leaves of the Garden) the leaves of the fig tree. (And their Lord called them) O Adam and Eve, ((saying): Did I not forbid you from that tree) from eating of that tree? ..  Go down, that is, Adam and Eve, with all those you comprise of your seed, each of you, each seed, an enemy to the other, on account of the wrong each does to the another. There will be for you on earth an abode, a place of settlement, and enjoyment for a while’, [until] your terms [of life] are fulfilled” -https://quranx.com/Tafsirs/7.19-22

2.1.11       Liberty

In in Hindu Dharmic Scriptures (Vedas+) Texts, there no justification for slavery and slave practices are given. Some ill intentioned translators of Vedic Suktas term ‘dasa’ and ‘dasi’ as slave and have tried to play foul. ‘dasa’ and ‘dasi’ refers to servants used to help the householder in his daily work/chores. In return they get shelter, wages, food etc.

Here are some relevant verses:

“Let our hearts be

     In equality and unity.”

                    - Rig Veda 10/191/4

“You may live ,

    And let me also live.”

                    - Atharva Veda 19/69/1

“Slavery is pain,

Freedom is pleasure,

In short, this is the definition

Of pain and pleasure.”

                    - Manu Dharma Shastra

“O resplendent Lord,

Destroy the power of the man

Who wants to enslave us

Whether he is alien or akin,

No matter, if his strength

Is as vast as the sky;

Break the ropes

Fastened unto his bows.”

                    - Rig Veda 10/133/5

- http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/hvhb/ch23.htm

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Slavery in Medieval India started by Islamic Invaders in Hindustan.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_India

Slavery is accepted in the Bible.

Here are some relevant verses:

The Ten Commandments mention slavery twice, showing God’s implicit acceptance of it (Ex. 20:10, 17)

“ [Leviticus 25:44–46]  As for your male and female slaves whom you may have: you may buy male and female slaves from among the nations that are around you. You may also buy from among the strangers who sojourn with you and their clans that are with you, who have been born in your land, and they may be your property. You may bequeath them to your sons after you to inherit as a possession forever. You may make slaves of them, but over your brothers the people of Israel you shall not rule, one over another ruthlessly.

[new testament Ephesians 6:5]: “Bondservants, obey your earthly masters with fear and trembling, with a sincere heart, as you would Christ.”

[  Exod 21:7–11]: “ When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she shall not go out as the male slaves do [that is, she shall not be released from her service at the end of six years]. If she does not please her master, who has designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He shall have no right to sell her to a foreign people since he has broken faith with her. If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her as with a daughter. If he takes another wife to himself, he shall not diminish her food, her clothing, or her marital rights. And if he does not do these three things for her, she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money”

[Exodus 21:20–21] s “When a man strikes his slave, male or female, with a rod and the slave dies under his hand, he shall be avenged. But if the slave survives a day or two, he is not to be avenged, for the slave is his money.”

]

-       https://emergencenj.org/blog/2019/01/04/does-the-bible-condone-slavery

[

[Colossians 4:1]. “Masters, provide your slaves with what is right and fair, because you know that you also have a Master in heaven”

[ Ephesians 6:9] “Treat your slaves in the same way [with goodwill]. Do not threaten them, since you know that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him.”

all men are created by God and made in His image (Genesis 1:27), which condemns those who kidnap and sell a person (Exodus 21:16; cf. 1 Timothy 1:8–10), and which shows that a slave can truly be “a brother in the Lord” (Philemon 1:16).

] https://www.gotquestions.org/Bible-slavery.html

Quran legalizes slavery.

Here are some relevant verses:

 33:50 - "Prophet, We have made lawful to you the wives to whom you have granted dowries and the slave girls whom God has given you as booty."

23:5 -   "... except with their wives and slave girls, for these are lawful to them:..."

             The passage's context here (not quoted in full) details how Muslim males are allowed to have sexual relations with their wives and slave girls. Implicit in this is that Muslim males had slave-concubines.  70:30 is basically a repeat of 23:5.

BUKHARI'S HADITH AND SLAVERY:

Vol. 7-#137  :  Here, Muslims had taken female slaves, and had sex with them.  Muhammad approved of this.  He only admonished them not to practice coitus interruptus.

Vol. 3-#765:   Here a woman frees a slave girl, but Muhammad says that she would have gotten more (heavenly) reward if she had given the slave one of her uncles, thus keeping the slave in slavery.

-       https://answering-islam.org/Silas/slavery.htm

-        

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No evidences Liberty/Democracy, where only Dictatorship prevailed under Allah and his Messenger. Opposing the messages of anybody was dealt with death penalty:

-       https://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Killings_Ordered_or_Supported_by_Muhammad

-        

2.1.12       Pursuit of happiness

From Bhagya Sukta (formula to prosper and to be luck and happy) of Rigveda, there about 8 Mantras on that formula for every one to be wealthy and healthy.

Overall theme is to take the blessings of all nature Gods (Sun, Fire, Indra god of rain, Mitra , Varuna, Adithya, Ashwini, Bhaga(ya), Pusha get good nourishment, wealth, prosperity, health, medicine, cos, horses, good progeny, good people around us …

Some examples:

“O Bhaga! truth is your wealth. Bestow it

upon us, and elevate our intellect and protect it. Bless us with cattle-wealth, horses, and descendants and followers.” – RigVeda Bhagya Sukta 1:3

https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_veda/bhAgyasUktam.html

https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/OBE_indian_knowledge_tradition/Level_B/Veda_B/VBCh-9.pdf

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw2T1N5vlmc&ab_channel=RajshriSoul

https://stotranidhi.com/hi/bhagya-suktam-in-sanskrit/

Pursuit of Happiness in the Christian view is that happiness is not a right, but a gift (to his believers only) from one who was a man of sorrows, acquainted with grief.

To the best of our knowledge, Jesus never asked the disciples

“Are we having fun yet?” But He did teach them that faithful servants would enter into the joy of their master. Happiness is the fruit of aligning our lives with God’s purposes for us.

“If you keep my commandments,” Jesus promised, “you will abide in my love, just as I have kept my Father’s commandments and abide in his love. These things I have spoken to you, that my joy may be in you, and that your joy may be full” (Bible John 15:10–11).

-       https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/pursuit-happiness

“You make known to me the path of life;

in your presence there is fullness of joy;

at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.” – Bible Pslam 6-11(ESV)

Pursuit of happiness is for only those who are favored by Allah and to believers of Allah.

“And worldly life is nothing but a sport and a pastime. And surely the abode of the Hereafter is better for those who are righteous. Will you not then understand?” (Surah al-An‘am, Ch.6: V.33)

“And Allah has favoured some of you above others in [worldly] gifts. But those more favoured will not restore [any part of] their [worldly] gifts to those whom their right hands possess, so that they may be equal [sharers] in them. Will they then deny the favour of Allah?” (Surah al-Jinn, Ch.16: V.72)

“ Whoever acts righteously, whether male or female, and is a believer, him verily We shall revive with a goodly life. This is said to be life in Paradise; or it is life on earth, [when it is] one of contentedness or one of wholesome (halāl) provision. And We shall surely pay them their reward according to the best of what they used to do.” Quran 16:97

2.1.13       Commandments/ Rules and disciplines

10 - Commandments

In Hindu Dharma there are no prescribed 10 commandments, but there broad guidelines on “10 Characteristics of Dharma” and there are 5 ‘Yamas’(Moral Rules) and 5 ‘Niyamas’ (Observances) based on Patanjali’s Yog Sutras. Yog Darshan (Philosophy) is originated from the God (Vishu/Krishna/…) Ved Vyas was one of the earliest writers on Yoga Sutra/Bhashya.

“ dhRRiti: kShamA damo.as{}teyaM shauchamin{}driyanigraha:|dhIrvidyA sat{}yamakrodho dashakaM dharmalakShaNam||

Strength, forgiveness, control over desires, non-stealing, cleanliness, control over senses, intelligence, knowledge, truthfulness and not getting angry: These are the ten essential characteristics of (Hindu) Dharma.” -  Manu Dharma Shastra 6.92

I. Yama (Moral rules)

1.Ahimsa (non-harming or non-violence in thought, word and deed)

2.Sayta (truthfulness)

3.Asteya (non-stealing)

4.Brahmacharya: (Regimentation for gaining knowledge)

5.  Aparigraha (non-greed or non-hoarding)

II. Niyama (Observances)

1. Sauca (cleanliness)

2.Santosha (contentment)

3.Tapas ( spiritual meditation practices , austerity)

4.Svadhyaya (study of the self and of the texts)

5.Isvara Pranidhana (surrender to a higher being, or contemplation of a higher power)

-       https://yogapractice.com/yoga/yamas-and-niyamas/

-       https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali

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10 Commandments of Christianity.

1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me

   Exodus 20:3: “You shall have no other gods before Me.”

2.Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image

   Exodus 20:4-6: “You shall not make for yourself a carved image—any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth; you shall not bow down to them nor serve them. For I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and fourth generations of those who hate Me, but showing mercy to thousands, to those who love Me and keep My commandments.”

3.Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain

   Exodus 20:7: “You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes His name in vain.”

4.Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy

   Exodus 20:8-11: “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord your God. In it you shall do no work..."

5.Honour thy father and thy mother

  Exodus 20:12: “Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long upon the land which the Lord your God is giving you.”

6.Thou shalt not kill

  Exodus 20:13: “You shall not murder.”

7.Thou shalt not commit adultery

  Exodus 20:14: “You shall not commit adultery.”

8.Thou shalt not steal

  Exodus 20:15: “You shall not steal.”

9.Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour

   Exodus 20:15: “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.”

10.Thou shalt not covet

   Exodus 20:15: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house; you shall not covet your neighbor’s wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor’s.”

-https://www.bibleinfo.com/en/topics/ten-commandments-list

In Islam there are almost equivalent verses (of Christian commandments) from Quran

-       https://www.abuaminaelias.com/ten-commandments-in-islam/

2.1.14       Blind believes / illogical stories 

Along with the Scientific though processes, proofs given Vedas, Vedangas …

There are many instances and stories are part of Puranas which contains blind believes and illogical practices, recommendations exist.

Along with good moral prescriptions for the believers,

Many blind beliefs, illogical thoughts and practices exists in Bible and Christianity also.

Here are some examples:

- Virgin births

- Rising from dead

- Train of donkeys

- Hearing imaginary voices

- Killing first borns

- Splitting oceans

- Talking snakes

- Evil apples

Along with good moral prescriptions for the believers,

Many blind beliefs, illogical thoughts and practices exists in Quran and Muslim practices also.

Here are some examples:

-Devils (Shaitan), Ghoul and Jinn ,

 - Exorcisms as Islamic alternative medicine

 - Black magic;  magic carpet ..

 - Karamat -  produce food and rain in seasons of drought, heal the sick and help barren women conceive

 - Tomb Worship

2.1.15       “Nature – Consciousness – Human” relationship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya#/media/File:Purusha-Pakriti.jpg

From: Samkhya Philosophical school of Hindu Dharma- It  makes a distinction between two "irreducible, innate and independent realities”, Purusha (Universal Cosmic - Male) , the witness-consciousness;, and Prakṛti (Mother Nature - Female), "matter", the activities of mind and perception.

Jiva ('a living being') is the state in which Purusha is bonded to Prakriti. Human experience is an interplay of the two, Purusha being conscious of the various combinations of cognitive activities. The end of the bondage of Purusha to Prakriti is called Moksha (liberation?) or Kaivalya (isolation?).

 The original writer of Sanky principles is Kapila Rishi (around 7th century BCE?)

Sometimes described as one of the rationalist schools of Hindu philosophy, it relied exclusively on reason.

Sankhya school of Hindu philosophy does not believe in the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God.

According to its proponents there is no direct proof the existence of God.

Since there exists no propositions to prove God by

‘Prayaksha’ (repeatable steps to prove or disprove using human perception);

‘Anumana’ (observations based Inference which is a combination of  hypothesis, reason,  examples)

In the Vedas speak of  Prakṛti (Nature’s cognitive process) as the origin of the world, not the God. (Similar to modern day theory of evaluation)

Hindu  Philosophical school of Yoga is closely  associated with ‘Sankyha’

No such direct Philosophical analysis on cosmology and its relation to humans are found in Bible.

No such direct Philosophical analysis on cosmology and its relation to humans are found in Quran.

No free thinking or rational analysis on God’s existence, is permitted in Islam…

In the second chapter Quran, “But those who are faithless and deny Our signs, they shall be the inmates of the Fire and they shall remain in it forever” (Q 2:39).

2.1.16       Contribution to Science, Mathematics, Arts

There is rich contribution to advancement of science, mathematics, medicine, music, Dance, Arts by Hindu Rishis, Gurus.

Vedas/Vedangas have verses directly related to  time measurements, astronomy, architecture, chemistry.

-       http://www.vedicastronomy.net/

-       https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~udls/slides/udls-meghana-v-vedic-math.pdf

-       https://www.vedicmaths.org/

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Here are a few illustrations:

Rishis in Rigveda - (7000 - 3000 BCE) - Astronomy (Time and distance measurements between planets and stars, Architecture (construction of alters and complicated Temple structures)

 Acharya Kapil (3000 BCE ) – Father Of Cosmology

 Acharya Bharadwaj (800 BCE) – Pioneer Of Aviation Technology

 Acharya Sushrut (600 BCE) – Father Of Plastic Surgery

 Acharya Charak (600 BCE) – Father Of Medicine

 Acharya Kanad (600 BCE) – Founder Of Atomic Theory

 Acharya Patanjali (200 BCE) – Father Of Yoga

 Varahamihir (500 CE) – Eminent Astrologer And Astronomer

 Aryabhatta (400 CE) – Master astronomer and mathematician

 Brahmagupta (600 CE) - Famous mathematician and astronomer

 Nagarjuna (100 CE) – Wizard Of Chemical Science

 Bhaskaracharya I & II (600 and 1100 CE) – Genius in algebra

-   https://bhagavanbhakthi.com/2022/06/contribution-of-ancient-india-in-science-and-technology/

-   https://thapas.wordpress.com/2011/08/24/ancient-contributions-of-hinduism-to-science/

-   https://scienceblog.com/20159/science-and-technology-in-ancient-india/

-    

The Bible and science are different fields of study and are not related. It claims that everything in that is the word of God, but does not give details on any scientific facts.

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In the Modern era Christianity has been  a patron of sciences.

Many Christian scholars and scientists have made large amounts of contributions the development of sciences.

The Quran and science are different fields of study and are not related.

Quran many verses contradicts science.

https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/contradictions-and-inconsistencies-in-the-quran/

http://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Scientific_Errors_in_the_Quran.html

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The merchants and travelers travelling between Hind and Arabia learnt the Hindu knowledge systems and transferred/translated to Arab world.

“… what is easiest and most useful in arithmetic, such as men constantly require in cases of in…heritance, legacies, partition, lawsuits, and trade, and in all their dealings with one another…Students who deal with x,y,z and a,b,c in their Algebra textbooks would scarce believe that the preface leads to such complications in life. But before he wrote this seminal work, he wrote On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals in 825 A.D. which was part translation and part explication of Indian numerals as propounded by Brahmagupta. Brahmagupta too was a court astronomer in Ujjain like al-Khwarizmi, and he wrote Brahma Sputa Siddhanta in 628 A.D. where he used and defined zero for the first time. He also wrote Khandakhadyaka in 665 which is more about astronomy. The Arab world learnt about the Indian system of counting when the second Abbasid Caliph invited a scholar from Ujjain called Kanka to his court and who brought Brahmagupta’s seminal concept of zero. This was translated into Arabic by Al Fazaii around 770 A.D.”

 -- In the preface of the book al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa’l-muqabala meaning The Condensed Book of Calculation by Restoration and Comparison was written about 830 A.D by Mohammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi.

   https://pparihar.com/2016/02/03/arab-world-copied-ancient-indian-math-and-science/